https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478059264-007
Journal: Made in Asia/America, 2024, p.99-114
Publisher: Duke University Press
Author: Keita Moore
Abstract
Chapter 4 considers the Metal Gear Solid series (Konami, 1998–2015), which follows several covert agents as they infiltrate terrorist bases and active war zones. It analyzes the player character Solid Snake as half-Japanese and half-white, locating Snake’s biraciality in the context of Japanese racial formations. The chapter argues that Snake’s racialization premediates the games’ antiwar and antinuclear message in ways that absent Japan itself from the series’ overall critique of global militarism. In so doing, it develops the concept of “playable deniability” to describe the formal processes that allow play to appear free from the historical politics around militaristic violence in Japan. In the end, this research speaks to the ways that specific representations of biraciality preserve the primacy of play—the political inconsequentiality of action—via a racial logic that mediates play.
List of references
- 1023119780. “A Long-Ass Thread about Chinese Cheaters.” Reddit, February17, 2018. https://www.reddit.com/r/PUBATTLEGROUNDS/comments/7y7lyj/a_longass_thread_about_chinese_cheaters/.
- Aarseth, Cybertexts: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature
https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801855788
- Admin. “Team Houses and Why They Matter.” esl Magazine, January6, 2014. https://www.eslgaming.com/article/team-houses-and-why-they-matter-1676.
- Albrecht, Unthinking Postcolonialism: On the Necessity for a Reset Instead of a Step Forward, Postcolonialism Cross-Examined: Multi-directional Perspectives on Imperial and Colonial Pasts and the Neocolonial Present, с. 181
- Alleyne, Allisia. “What the Kimono's Wide-Reaching Influence Tells Us about Cultural Appropriation.” cnn Style, March6, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/style/article/kimono-fashion-history-cultural-appropriation/index.html.
- Anderson-Barkley, Activism in Video Games: A New Voice for Social Change, Woke Gaming: Digital Challenges to Oppression and Social Injustice, с. 252
- Andlauer, Pursuing One's Own Prince: Love's Fantasy in Otome Game Contents and Fan Practice, Mechademia, № 11, с. 166
https://doi.org/10.5749/mech.11.1.0166
- Apex Arena. “13 Minutes of Apex Legends Crashing and Streamers’ Reactions.” YouTube video, 12:56, posted January30, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZAstfv9yDE.
- Appadurai, How Histories Make Geographies, Journal of Transcultural Studies, № 1, с. 4
- Arik_De_Frasia. “What makes online cheating so prevalent in China?” Reddit, February16, 2018. https://www.reddit.com/r/Games/comments/7xz9cf/what_makes_online_cheating_so_prevalent_in_china/.
- Arora, Akhil. “Review: Made-in-India Raji Is a Feminist Fable and a Strong Debut.” ndtv Gadgets 360. N.p., n.d. Accessed February28, 2021. https://gadgets.ndtv.com/games/reviews/raji-an-ancient-epic-review-nintendo-switch-2286347.
- Arudou, Japan's Under-researched Visible Minorities: Applying Critical Race Theory to Racialization Dynamics in a Non-white Society, Washington University Global Studies Law Review, № 14, с. 695
- “Asians and Fighting Games: Exploring the Myth/Stereotype.” Shoryuken.com, October2004. https://forums.shoryuken.com/t/asians-and-fighting-games-exploring-the-myth-stereotype/8412.
- Azuma, Otaku: Japan's Database Animals
- Bago, John Paolo. “Dispelling the Myth of the Korean Gaming House: What Lessons the Philippine eSports Industry Can Learn from Our Korean Overlords.” Inquirer.net, February24, 2016. https://esports.inquirer.net/13920/dispelling-the-myth-of-the-korean-gaming-house-what-lessons-the-philippine-esports-industry-can-learn-from-our-korean-overlords.
- Banks, Marcus. “Apex Legends Dev Responds to Calls to Region Lock China to Stop Cheaters.” Dexterto, April10, 2019. https://www.dexerto.com/apex-legends/developer-responds-apex-legends-region-lock-china-532277/.
- BattlEye (@TheBattlEye). “We are currently banning at a rate of 6k–13k per day, nearly 20k within the last 24 hours alone. The vast majority is from China.” Twitter, nOctober13, 2017, 3:06 a.m. est. https://twitter.com/thebattleye/status/918734703183659008.
- Belle, From Jay-Z to Dead Prez: Examining Representations of Black Masculinity in Mainstream versus Underground Hip-Hop Music, Journal of Black Studies, № 45, с. 287
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934714528953
- Benesch, Oleg. “Bushido: The Creation of a Martial Ethic in Late Meiji Japan.” PhD diss., University of British Columbia, 2011.
- Berlant, Cruel Optimism
- Berman, Eliza. “A Comprehensive Guide to the Ghost in the Shell Controversy.” Time, March29, 2017. https://time.com/4714367/ghost-in-the-shell-controversy-scarlett-johansson/.
- Bhabha, The Location of Culture
- Blacker, The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan
- Blizzard Entertainment. “Hearthstone Grandmasters Asia-Pacific Ruling.” Blizzard.com, October8, 2019. https://playhearthstone.com/en-us/news/23179289/hearthstone-grandmasters-asia-pacific-ruling.
- Blizzard Entertainment. “Regarding Last Weekend's Hearthstone Grandmasters Tournament.” Blizzard Entertainment News, October12, 2019. https://news.blizzard.com/en-us/blizzard/23185888/regarding-last-weekend-s-hearthstone-grandmasters-tournament.
- Bogost, Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5334.001.0001
- Bogost, Ian. “The Quiet Revolution of Animal Crossing.” The Atlantic, April15, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/04/animal-crossing-isnt-escapist-its-political/610012/.
- Boluk, Metagaming: Playing, Competing, Spectating, Cheating, Trading, Making, and Breaking Videogames
- Bolter, Remediation: Understanding New Media
- Borges, The Garden of Forking Paths, Ficciones, с. 78
- Borowy, Mega-Events of the Future: The Experience Economy, the Korean Connection, and the Growth of eSport, Mega-Events and Globalization: Capital and Spectacle in a Changing World Order, с. 206
- Bow, Racist Love: Asian Abstraction and the Pleasures of Fantasy
- Bowman, Mitch. “Why the Fighting Game Community Is Color Blind.” Polygon, February6, 2014. https://www.polygon.com/features/2014/2/6/5361004/fighting-game-diversity.
- Boylorn, From Boys to Men: Hip-Hop, Hood Films, and the Performance of Contemporary Black Masculinity, Black Camera, № 8, с. 287
- Braidotti, Feminist Epistemology after Postmodernism: Critiquing Science, Technology and Globalization, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, № 32, с. 65
https://doi.org/10.1179/030801807X183623
- Breault, Chris. “Dick Mullen and the Miracle Plot.” Bullet Points Monthly, November6, 2019. https://bulletpointsmonthly.com/2019/11/06/dick-mullen-and-the-miracle-plot.
- Brock, Critical Technocultural Discourse Analysis, New Media and Society, № 20, с. 1012
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816677532
- Bui, Asian Roboticism: Connecting Mechanized Labor to the Automation of Work, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, № 19, с. 110
https://doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341544
- Burton, Animalia: An Anti-imperial Bestiary for Our Times
- Byrd, Beast of America: Sovereignty and the Wildness of Objects, South Atlantic Quarterly, № 117, с. 599
https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-6942183
- Caillois, Man, Play, and Games
- Caracciolo, Marco. “Animal Mayhem Games and Nonhuman-Oriented Thinking.” Game Studies21, no. 1 (2021). https://gamestudies.org/2101/articles/caracciolo.
- cárdenas, Poetic Operations: Trans of Color Art in Digital Media
- Castronova, Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games
- Chakrabarti, From Destination to Nation and Back: The Hyperreal Journey of Incredible India, Journal of Games and Virtual Worlds, № 7, с. 183
https://doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.7.2.183_1
- Chan, Dean. “Being Played: Games Culture and Asian American Dis/Identifications.” Refractory: A Journal of Entertainment Media16 (2009). https://refractoryjournal.net/being-played-games-culture-and-asian-american-disidentifications-dean-chan/.
- Chan, Playing with Race: The Ethics of Racialized Representations in E-games, International Review of Information Ethics, № 4, с. 24
- Chang, Playing Nature Ecology in Video Games
https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctvthhd94
- Chang, Dice, Roll for Initiative
- Chang, Edmond Y. “Playing Games, Practicing Utopia.” Gamers with Glasses, September26, 2020. https://www.gamerswithglasses.com/features/playing-games-practicing-utopia-a-life-in-tabletop-games.
- Chang, Pacific Connections: The Making of the US-Canadian Borderlands
- Chen, Asia as Method
- Chen, Animacies: Biopolitics, Racial Mattering, and Queer Affect
- Chen, Animacy as a Sexual Device, The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.10
- Cheney-Lippold, We Are Data: Algorithms and the Making of Our Digital Selves
- Chess, Ready Player Two: Women Gamers and Designed Identity
- ChillTyme. “How Chinese Hackers Are Selling Cheats in Apex Legends.” YouTube video, 3:54, posted March5, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO9p0azfAtM.
- Chin, Racist Love, Seeing through Shuck, с. 65
- Cho, Margaret. “Margaret Cho—Asian Adjacent—featuring Grant Lee Phillips.” YouTube video, 2:19, posted November2, 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MxFYpIubeU.
- Choe, Never Stop Playing: StarCraft and Asian Gamer Death, Techno-Orientalism: Imagining Asia in Speculative Fiction, History, and Media, с. 113
- Chu, I, Stereotype, Techno-Orientalism: Imagining Asia in Speculative Fiction, History, and Media, с. 76
- Chuh, The Difference Aesthetics Makes
- Chun, Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics
- Chun, Race and/as Technology, Camera Obscura, № 24, с. 7
https://doi.org/10.1215/02705346-2008-013
- Chun, Race and/as Technology, or How to Do Things to Race, Race after the Internet, с. 38
- Cole, Yussef. “Mass Effect's Revival Reminds Us It's Time to Abolish the Space Police.” Polygon, May17, 2021. https://www.polygon.com/22436615/mass-effect-legendary-edition-police-ea-bioware-brooklyn-99.
- Colebrook, Understanding Deleuze
- Condis, Gaming Masculinity: Trolls, Fake Geeks, and the Gendered Battle for Online Culture
- Consalvo, Atari to Zelda: Japan's Videogames in Global Contexts
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8853.001.0001
- Consalvo, Cheating: Gaining Advantage in Video Games
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1802.001.0001
- Consalvo, There Is No Magic Circle, Games and Culture, № 4, с. 408
https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412009343575
- Consalvo, Real Games: What's Legitimate and What's Not in Contemporary Videogames
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12109.001.0001
- Cook, Rearing Children of the Market in the ‘You’ Decade: Choose Your Own Adventure Books and the Ascent of Free Choice in 1980s America, Journal of American Studies, № 55, с. 1
- Cox, Jeff. “Trump Says China Cheated America on Trade, but He Blames US Leaders for Letting It Happen.” CNBC, November12, 2019. https://cnbc.com/2019/11/12/trump-says-china-cheated-america-on-trade-but-he-blames-us-leaders-for-letting-it-happen.html.
- Crossassaultharass. “Day 1: Sexual Harassment on Cross Assault.” YouTube video, 13:35, posted February28, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SLDgPbjp0M.
- Danico, ‘No Lattes Here’: Asian American Youth and the Cyber Café Obsession, Asian American Youth: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity, с. 177
- “Danny Quach.” Re: Kylin, “Apex Legends—Chinese Player Using Aimbot / Hack.” YouTube video, 3:18, posted March4, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aW6fAXhZRR4.
- Darling-Wolf, Imagining the Global: Transnational Media and Popular Culture beyond East and West
- Davies, Spatial Politics at Play: Hong Kong Protests and Videogame Activism
- Day, Alien Capital: Asian Racialization and the Logic of Settler Colonial Capitalism
- Deesing, Jonathan. “The South Korean Exodus to China.” RedBull Esports, December12, 2014. https://www.redbull.com/us-en/the-south-korean-exodus-to-china.
- Delany, Times Square Red, Times Square Blue
- de Pommereau, Isabelle. “A First for Estonia: An Elected Black Politician.” Christian Science Monitor, October26, 2013. https://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/print/World/Global-News/2013/1026/A-first-for-Estonia-an-elected-black-politician.
- DerpHard. Comment on Snoobboons, “Chinese Cheater on Apex Legends omfg Too First!!!!:(:(:(” Reddit, February12, 2019. https://www.reddit.com/r/apexlegends/comments/apr77f/chinese_cheater_on_apex_legends_omfg_too_first/egqu75w/.
- Diallo, Hip-Hop Cats in the Cradle of Rap: Hip Hop in the Bronx, East Coast and West Coast, vol. 1 of Hip-Hop in America: A Regional Guide, с. 1
- Donald, Indigenous Métissage: A Decolonizing Research Sensibility, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, № 25, с. 533
https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2011.554449
- Dosekun, For Western Girls Only?, Feminist Media Studies, № 15, с. 960
https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1062991
- Dower, Japan in War and Peace: Selected Essays
- Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War
- Duggan, Maeve. “Public Debates about Gaming and Gamers.” Pew Research Center, December15, 2015. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/12/15/public-debates-about-gaming-and-gamers/.
- Dyer, White
- Dyer-Witheford, Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games
- Eglash, Race, Sex, and Nerds: From Black Geeks to Asian American Hipsters, Social Text, № 71, с. 49
https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-20-2_71-49
- Elias, Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process
- Eng, The Feeling of Kinship: Queer Liberalism and the Racialization of Intimacy
- Eng, Racial Castration: Managing Masculinity in Asian Americans
- Epps, De'Angelo. “Black Lives Have Always Mattered in the Fighting Game Community.” Polygon, June26, 2020. https://www.polygon.com/2020/6/16/21292108/black-lives-matter-fighting-game-community-blm-fgc-majin-obama-tasty-steve.
- Erzberger, Tyler. “The Gap Is Not Closing in League of Legends.” ESPN, October14, 2016. https://www.espn.com/esports/story/_/id/17794800/gap-not-closing-league-legends.
- Evans, ‘He's a Total TubeCrush’: Post-feminist Sensibility as Intimate Publics, Feminist Media Studies, № 18, с. 1
- Everett, Digital Diaspora: A Race for Cyberspace
- Fickle, Tara. “Made in China: Gold Farming as Alternative History of Esports.” ROMchip3, no. 1 (2021). https://www.romchip.org/index.php/romchip-journal/article/view/132.
- Fickle, The Race Card: From Gaming Technologies to Model Minorities
- Fickle, Diversity Is Not a Win-Condition, Critical Studies in Media Communication, № 39, с. 211
https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2022.2080852
- Fink, Play as Symbol of the World
- Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?
- Fisher, Mark. “Mark Fisher | Acid Communism (Unfinished Introduction).” Blackout ((poetr&politics)), April25, 2019. https://my-blackout.com/2019/04/25/mark-fisher-acid-communism-unfinished-introduction/.
- Fletcher, Akil. “Esports and the Color Line: Labor, Skill, and the Exclusion of Black Players.” Proceedings of the 53rd Hawai‘i International Conference on System Sciences, 2020. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/638b/7405b44bfa22c0058406852ead94094aad0f.pdf.
- Freeman, Time Binds: Queer Temporalities, Queer Histories
- Friedman, “On Defining Yuri.” In “Queer Female Fandom,”, Transformative Works and Cultures
https://doi.org/10.3983/twc.2017.831
- Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Globalized World in the Twenty-First Century
- Frühstück, Colonizing Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Modern Japan
- Frühstück, Uneasy Warriors: Gender, Memory, and Popular Culture in the Japanese Army
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520939646
- f*ckuyama, The End of History?, National Interest, № 16, с. 3
- Gabby Jay. “mahvel baybee!” YouTube video, 0:59, posted December7, 2007. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZZUMjoxfZA.
- Galbraith, Patrick W. “Bishōjo Games: ‘Techno-Intimacy’ and the Virtually Human in Japan.” Game Studies11, no. 2 (2011). https://gamestudies.org/1102/articles/galbraith?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.
- Galbraith, Moe Talk: Affective Communication among Female Fans of Yaoi in Japan, Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan, с. 153
https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781628461190.003.0008
- Galloway, Gaming: Essays on Algorithmic Culture
- The Game Awards (@thegameawards). “Helen Hindpere is back on #TheGameAwards stage to accept award #2!” Twitter, December12, 2019, 11:16 p.m. est, https://twitter.com/thegameawards/status/1205340759823540224.
- Ganzon, Investing Time for Your In-Game Boyfriends and bffs: Time as Commodity and the Simulation of Emotional Labor in Mystic Messenger, Games and Culture, № 14, с. 139
https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412018793068
- Ganzon, Making Love Not War: Female Power and the Emotional Labor of Peace in Code: Realize—The Guardian of Rebirth and Princess Arthur, Digital Love: Romance and Sexuality in Games, с. 225
- Ganzon, Sweet Solutions for Female Gamers: Cheritz, Korean Otome Games, and Global Otome Game Players, Digital Love: Romance and Sexuality in Games, с. 37
- Garrett, Eric. “Hideo Kojima Discusses Death Stranding's English and Japanese Dialogue Differences.” comicbook/gaming, July8, 2019. https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/hideo-kojima-death-stranding-english-japanese-dialogue/.
- Gill, Postfeminist Media Culture: Elements of a Sensibility, European Journal of Cultural Studies, № 10, с. 147
https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549407075898
- Glas, Battlefields of Negotiation: Control, Agency, and Ownership in World of Warcraft
- Glasspool, Making Masculinity: Articulations of Gender and Japaneseness in Japanese rpgs and Machinima, Transnational Contexts of Culture, Gender, Class, and Colonialism in Play, с. 99
- Glissant, Poetics of Relation
- Goggin, Playbour, Farming and Leisure, Ephemera Journal, № 11, с. 357
- Goodman, Making Majority Culture, A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan, с. 59
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996966.ch5
- Goto-Jones, Is Street Fighter a Martial Art? Virtual Ninja Theory, Ideology, and the Intentional Self-Transformation of Fighting-Gamers, Japan Review, № 29, с. 171
- Goto-Jones, Playing with Being in Digital Asia: Gamic Orientalism and the Virtual Dōjō, Asiascape: Digital Asia, № 2, с. 20
https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340019
- Gray, Intersectional Tech: Black Users in Digital Gaming
- Gray, Race, Gender, and Deviance in Xbox Live: Theoretical Perspectives from the Virtual Margins
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315721378
- Gray, Woke Gaming: Digital Challenges to Oppression and Social Injustice
- Grayson, Nathan. “The Problem with Far Cry 4's Box Art.” Kotaku, May22, 2014. https://kotaku.com/the-problem-with-far-cry-4s-box-art-1579810068.
- El Greco. “Metal Gear Solid Game Script.” ign, August24, 2003, last updated August 28, 2004. http://www.ign.com/faqs/2004/metal-gear-solid-game-script-506035.
- Grieve, Gregory Price. “An Ethnoludography of the Game Design Industry in Kathmandu, Nepal.” Gamevironments, no. 8 (2018). https://media.suub.uni-bremen.de/bitstream/elib/3483/1/00106967-1.pdf.
- Groen, Andrew. “Why fgc Hates the Word Esports.” Penny Arcade Report, August2013. Accessed July2021. https://www.penny-arcade.com/report/article/why-the-fighting-game-community-hates-the-word-esports#.
- Grudge122. Comment on Snoobboons, “Chinese Cheater on Apex Legends omfg Too First!!!!:(:(:(” Reddit, March14, 2019. https://www.reddit.com/r/apexlegends/comments/apr77f/chinese_cheater_on_apex_legends_omfg_too_first/egqu75w/.
- Guttmann, From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sports
- Guttmann, Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism
https://doi.org/10.7312/gutt91262
- Hall, Charlie. “Evo Online Canceled Following Accusations of Sexual Abuse against ceo.” Polygon, July3, 2020. https://www.polygon.com/2020/7/3/21312536/evo-online-canceled-joey-cuellar-mr-wizard-sexual-abuse.
- Haraway, A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century, Manifestly Haraway, с. 3
https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816650477.003.0001
- Harper, ‘Asian Hands’ and Women's Invitationals, The Culture of Digital Fighting Games: Performance and Practice, с. 108
- Harper, The Culture of Digital Fighting Games
- Harrer, Sabine. “Casual Empire: Video Games as Neocolonial Praxis.” Open Library of Humanities4, no. 1 (2018). https://olh.openlibhums.org/articles/10.16995/olh.210/.
https://doi.org/10.16995/olh.210
- Harris, Striking Vipers, Black Mirror
- Hartley, Fed Up: Emotional Labor, Women and the Way Forward
- Harvey, Everyone Can Make Games! The Post-feminist Context of Women in Digital Game Production, Feminist Media Studies, № 15, с. 576
https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2014.958867
- Hasegawa, Falling in Love with History: Japanese Girls’ Otome Sexuality and Queering Historical Imagination, Playing the Past: Digital Games and the Simulation of History, с. 135
- Hayles, Virtual Bodies and Flickering Signifiers, October, с. 69
https://doi.org/10.2307/778755
- Hendrick, The Influence of Thoreau's ‘Civil Disobedience’ on Gandhi's Satyagraha, New England Quarterly, № 29, с. 462
https://doi.org/10.2307/362139
- Hendrix, Grady. “Choose Your Own Adventure: How The Cave of Time Taught Us to Love Interactive Entertainment.” Slate, February17, 2011. https://slate.com/culture/2011/02/choose-your-own-adventure-books-how-the-cave-of-time-taught-us-to-love-interactive-entertainment.html.
- Hjorth, Larissa. “Playing at Being Mobile: Gaming and Cute Culture in South Korea.” Fibreculture8 (2006). https://doaj.org/article/38c24dd608c746c485cc48a3a297cc6d.
- Hjorth, Gaming Cultures and Place in Asia-Pacific
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203875957
- Hoberman, Darwin's Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race
- Hoberman, Mortal Engines: The Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport
- Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling
- Holland, The Erotic Life of Racism
- Horiguchi, Mikkusu rēsu wa dō katararete kita ka: ‘Hāfu’ ni itaru made no gensetsu wo tadotte, Hāfu to wa dare ka: Jinshu konkō, media hyōshō, kōshō jissen, с. 55
- HoSaiLei (@hkbhkese). “願榮光歸香港(動物之森版)” (Glory to Hong Kong [Animal Crossing Version]). Video, 1:56. Twitter, April30, 2020, 5:10 a.m. est. https://twitter.com/i/status/1255786603215073283.
- Howard, Matthew Jungsuk. “Esport: Professional League of Legends as Cultural History.” Master's thesis, University of Houston, 2018. https://uh-ir.tdl.org/handle/10657/3298.
- Howard, Matthew Jungsuk. “Highway to the Golden Zone(fire): pc Bangs and Techno-Orientalism in the StarCraft II Visual Novel.” Journal of Games Criticism5, bonus issue A (January2022). https://gamescriticism.files.wordpress.com/2023/07/howard-5-a.pdf.
- “How Diverse Are Video Gamers—and the Characters They Play?” Nielsen, March24, 2015. https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2015/how-diverse-are-video-gamers-and-the-characters-they-play/.
- Huggins, Disreputable Pleasures: Less Virtuous Victorians at Play
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203487082
- Huizinga, hom*o Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture
- Huntemann, Joystick Soldiers: The Politics of Play in Military Video Games
- Hutchinson, Japanese Culture through Videogames
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025006
- Hutchinson, Virtual Colonialism: Japan's Others in SoulCalibur, Transnational Contexts of Culture, Gender, Class, and Colonialism in Play: Video Games in East Asia, с. 155
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43817-7_7
- Igarashi, Bodies of Memory: Narratives of War in Postwar Japanese Culture, 1945–1970
- Ishaan. “Here's Another Aksys Survey on Otome Games.” Siliconera, October7, 2010. http://www.siliconera.com/2010/10/07/heres-another-aksys-survey-on-otome-games/#tapqiygAeWYOX0Q8.99.
- Iwabuchi, Hāfu to wa dare ka: Jinshu konkō, media hyōshō, kōshō jissen
- Iwabuchi, Introduction, Journal of Intercultural Studies, № 35, с. 621
https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2014.968310
- Iwabuchi, Lost in TransNation: Tokyo and the Urban Imaginary in the Era of Globalization, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, № 9, с. 543
https://doi.org/10.1080/14649370802386446
- Iwabuchi, Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism
- Iwamura, Virtual Orientalism: Asian Religions and American Popular Culture
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199738601.001.0001
- Jackson, #HashtagActivism: Networks of Race and Gender Justice
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10858.001.0001
- James, Beyond a Boundary
- Jameson, The Antinomies of Realism
- Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism
- Joseph, Tyra Banks Is Fat: Reading (Post-)Racism and (Post-)Feminism in the New Millennium, Critical Studies in Media Communication, № 26, с. 237
https://doi.org/10.1080/15295030903015096
- Kang, The Media Spectacle of a Techno-City: covid-19 and the South Korean Experience of the State of Emergency, Journal of Asian Studies, № 79, с. 589
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911820002302
- Kawai, Deracialised Race, Obscured Racism: Japaneseness, Western and Japanese Concepts of Race, and Modalities of Racism, Japanese Studies, № 35, с. 23
https://doi.org/10.1080/10371397.2015.1006598
- Kelts, Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the U.S
- Kijima, The Fighting Gamer Otaku Community: What Are They ‘Fighting’ About?, Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World, с. 249
- Kim, “Race, Gender, and the Technological Turn: A Roundtable on Digitizing Revolution.” In “Women Digitizing Revolution,” edited by Anna Everett and Guisela Latorre, special issue, Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, № 39, с. 149
https://doi.org/10.1353/fro.2018.a690813
- Kim, Women's Games in Japan: Gendered Identity and Narrative Construction, Theory, Culture and Society, № 26, с. 165
- Kim, The Racial Mundane: Asian American Performance and the Embodied Everyday
- Kimura, Voices of In/Visible Minority: hom*ogenizing Discourse of Japaneseness in Hafu: The Mixed-Race Experience in Japan, Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, № 50, с. 254
https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2020.1841017
- Kittaka, Marina. “Tony Hawk's Pro Skater and Shape-Meaning Resonance.” The Marinazone, February14, 2021. https://marinakittaka.com/posts/2021-02-14-Shape-Meaning-Resonance.html.
- Kondo, Worldmaking: Race, Performance, and the Work of Creativity
- Kopfstein, New York's Chinatown Fair Arcade Reopens, but the Game Has Changed, The Verge
- Koshiro, Race as International Identity? ‘Miscegenation’ in the US Occupation of Japan and Beyond, Amerikastudien / American Studies, № 48, с. 61
- Kovner, Occupying Power: Sex Workers and Servicemen in Postwar Japan
- Kylin. “Apex Legends—Chinese Player Using Aimbot / Hack.” YouTube video, 3:18, posted March4, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aW6fAXhZRR4.
- Lee, Becoming-Minor through Shinsengumi: A Sociology of Popular Culture as a People's Culture
- Lehr, Amanda. “For Bodily Autonomy Reasons, I Now Identify as a Corpse.” McSweeney's, May9, 2022. https://www.mcsweeneys.net/articles/for-bodily-autonomy-reasons-i-now-identify-as-a-corpse.
- Leslie, Callum. “Riot Tighten Interregional Movement Policy for lcs Players.” Dot Esports, August2, 2016. https://dotesports.com/league-of-legends/news/riot-regional-residency-changes-lcs-3746.
- Lew-Williams, The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America
https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674919907
- Lin, Contextualized Transmedia Mobilization: Media Practices and Mobilizing Structures in the Umbrella Movement, International Journal of Communication, № 11, с. 48
- Littler, Against Meritocracy: Culture, Power and Myths of Mobility
- Lye, America's Asia: Racial Form and American Literature, 1893–1945
- Magdalinski, Sport, Technology and Body: The Nature of Performance
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203099384
- Malkowski, Introduction: Identity, Representation, and Video Game Studies beyond the Politics of the Image, Gaming Representation: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in Video Games, с. 1
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2005rgq.5
- Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism: Aspects of the Diffusion of an Ideal
- Mangan, A Sport-Loving Society: Victorian and Edwardian Middle-Class England at Play
- Mangiron, Game Localisation: Unleashing Imagination with ‘Restricted’ Translation, Journal of Specialised Translation, № 6, с. 10
- Martens, Todd. “Discover the Joy of a Game That Transports You into the Mythologies of Ancient India.” Los Angeles Times, September10, 2020. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-09-10/discover-the-joy-of-a-game-that-transports-you-into-the-mythologies-of-ancient-india.
- Martin, Race, Colonial History and National Identity: Resident Evil 5 as a Japanese Game, Games and Culture, № 13, с. 568
https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412016631648
- Martinez, fgc: Rise of the Fighting Game Community
- Matheson, Desiring the Bomb: Communication, Psychoanalysis, and the Atomic Age
- McCasker, Toby. “This Gay Orc Dating Sim Is All about Inclusivity and Diversity” (interview with Mitch Alexander). Vice, April14, 2015. https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd7q94/orcs-are-the-immediate-future-of-gay-gaming-culture.
- McGray, Japan's Gross National Cool, Foreign Policy, с. 44
https://doi.org/10.2307/3183487
- McRobbie, Post-feminism and Popular Culture, Feminist Media Studies, № 4, с. 255
https://doi.org/10.1080/1468077042000309937
- Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought
https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226519180.001.0001
- Meier, Sid Meier's Memoir!—a Life in Computer Games
- Messner, Steven. “Here's Why ‘Boycott Genshin Impact’ Is Trending on Twitter.” pc Gamer, April6, 2021. https://www.pcgamer.com/heres-why-boycott-genshin-impact-is-trending-on-twitter/.
- Milburn, Mondo Nano: Fun and Games in the World of Digital Matter
- Milner, Anthony, and DeborahJohnson. “The Idea of Asia.” Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. November22, 2000. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41891/1/idea.html.
- Miru MGS. “Miru Metal Gear Solid.” YouTube video, 4:15:32, posted January11, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erTgzZPW94I&t=4207s.
- Miru mgs. “Miru Metal Gear Solid 2 Sons of Liberty.” YouTube video, 5:49:48, posted February23, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WwlXHezteU.
- Miru mgs. “Miru Metal Gear Solid 4 Guns of the Patriots.” YouTube video, 7:57:32, posted January12, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fRVftmNanM.
- Mondal, Poonam. “Gurugram, Bangalore and Pune Have the Potential to Become a gpo Hub: Lakshya Digital.” AnimationXpress, June29, 2020. http://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/gurugram-bangalore-and-pune-have-the-potential-to-become-a-gpo-hub-lakshya-digital/.
- Monique, Rhea“Ashelia.” “Riot Announces New Rules about Regional Movement.”RedBull Esports, September6, 2014. https://www.redbull.com/us-en/riot-announces-new-rules-about-regional-movement.
- Montgomery, The Abominable Snowman
- Moore, Keita. “The Game's the Thing: A Cultural Studies Approach to War Memory, Gender, and Politics in Japanese Videogames.” Master's thesis, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2017.
- Morley, Spaces of Identity: Global Media, Electronic Landscapes, and Cultural Boundaries
- Morris, Love Transcends All (Geographical) Boundaries: The Global Lure of Romance Historical Otome Games and the Shinsengumi, Digital Love: Romance and Sexuality in Games, с. 253
- Morse, Virtualities: Television, Media Art, Cyberculture
- Mukherjee, Videogames and Postcolonialism: Empire Plays Back
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54822-7
- Mukherjee, Vishnu and the Videogame
- Muñoz, Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity
- Muñoz, The Sense of Brown
- Murdoch, Julian. “Hatoful Boyfriend.” Gamers with Jobs, February4, 2014. https://www.gamerswithjobs.com/node/1016261.
- Murray, Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace
- Murray, Landscapes of Empire in Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, Critical Inquiry, № 45, с. 168
https://doi.org/10.1086/699586
- Murray, On Video Games: The Visual Politics of Race, Gender and Space
- Musser, Sensual Excess: Queer Femininity and Brown Jouissance
- Myers, The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945
https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691213873
- Nakagawa, Gendai gēmu zenshi: Bunmei no yūgi shikan kara
- Nakamura, Afterword: Racism, Sexism, and Gaming's Cruel Optimism, Race, Gender and Sexuality in Videogames, с. 245
- Nakamura, Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203953365
- Nakamura, Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet
- Nakamura, Don't Hate the Player, Hate the Game: The Racialization of Labor in World of Warcraft, Critical Studies in Media Communication, № 26, с. 128
https://doi.org/10.1080/15295030902860252
- Nakamura, ‘It's a nigg*r in Here! Kill the nigg*r!’: User-Generated Media Campaigns against Racism, Sexism, and hom*ophobia in Digital Games, The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies: Media Studies Futures, с. 1
- Nakamura, Race in/for Cyberspace: Identity Tourism and Racial Passing on the Internet, Works and Days, № 13, с. 181
- Napier, From Impressionism to Anime: Japan as Fantasy and Fan Cult in the Mind of the West
- Napier, Susan. “Behind the Scenes—Death Stranding [Making of].” YouTube video, 7:00, posted December1, 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faatWOs2c5c.
- Nerds on Hip-Hop. “Nerds on Hip-Hop: Bridging Anime and Hip-Hop Panel at Anime NYC 2017.” YouTube video, 34:49, posted November25, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8bJZm44cWA.
- Ng, Benjamin Wai-ming. “Street Fighter and The King of Fighters in Hong Kong: A Study of Cultural Consumption and Localization of Japanese Games in an Asian Context.” Game Studies6, no. 1 (2006). http://gamestudies.org/0601/articles/ng.
- Nguyen, Mai. “Would You Date a Bird? Interview with Hatoful Boyfriend Creators.” Asia Pacific Arts, February21, 2016. https://asiapacificarts.org/2016/02/21/would-you-date-a-bird-interview-with-hatoful-boyfriend-creators/.
- Nguyen, A View from the Bottom
https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822376606
- Nguyen, The Remasculinization of Chinese America: Race, Violence, and the Novel, American Literary History, № 12, с. 130
https://doi.org/10.1093/alh/12.1-2.130
- Nielsen. “How Diverse Are Video Gamers—and the Characters They Play?” Last modified March24, 2015. https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2015/how-diverse-are-video-gamers-and-the-characters-they-play/.
- Nishime, Undercover Asian: Multiracial Asian Americans in Visual Culture
https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038075.001.0001
- Noon, Sneaking Mission: Late Imperial America and Metal Gear Solid, Utopic Dreams and Apocalyptic Fantasies: Critical Approaches to Researching Video Game Play, с. 73
- nyu Game Center. “Naomi Clark: Why Tom Nook Symbolizes Village Debt in 18th Century Japan.” YouTube video, 5:44, posted March27, 2020. https://www.twitch.tv/videos/575962902.
- Okano, Rethinking Japanese Studies: Eurocentrism and the Asia-Pacific Region
- Ong, Alexis. “Animal Crossing: New Horizons Is Fast Becoming a New Way for Hong Kong Protesters to Fight for Democracy.” USgamer, April1, 2020. https://www.usgamer.net/articles/animal-crossing-new-horizons-is-fast-becoming-a-new-way-for-hong-kong-protesters-to-fight-for-democracy.
- Orr, The Victim as Hero: Ideologies of Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan
- Osborn, Alex. “An Interview with Dir. Mamoru Oshii on the Live-Action Adaptation of Ghost in the Shell.” [In Japanese.] ign Japan, March22, 2017. https://jp.ign.com/ghost-in-the-shell-live-action-movie/12278/news/.
- Palumbo-Liu, Asian/American: Historical Crossings of a Racial Frontier
- Pande, Squee from the Margins: Fandom and Race
- Pang, Retheorizing the Social: The Use of Social Media in Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement, Social Text, № 35, с. 71
https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-3968810
- Park, Representing Seoul, Wasafiri, № 33, с. 20
https://doi.org/10.1080/02690055.2018.1501202
- Park, Yellow Future: Oriental Style in Hollywood Cinema
- Parkin, Simon. “Hideo Kojima: ‘Metal Gear Questions US Dominance of the World.’ ” The Guardian, July18, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jul/18/hideo-kojima-interview-metal-gear-solid-phantom-pain.
- Patterson, Christopher B. “Asian Americans and Digital Games.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature, July30, 2018. https://oxfordre.com/literature/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.001.0001/acrefore-9780190201098-e-859.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.859
- Patterson, Making Queer Asiatic Worlds: Performance and Racial Interaction in North American Visual Novels, American Literature, № 94, с. 17
https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-9696973
- Patterson, Open World Empire: Race, Erotics, and the Global Rise of Video Games
https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479802043.001.0001
- Patterson, Role-Playing the Multiculturalist Umpire: Loyalty and War in BioWare's Mass Effect Series, Games and Culture, № 10, с. 207
https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412014551050
- Patterson, Transitive Cultures: Anglophone Literature of the Transpacific
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1v2xv0r
- Paul, The Toxic Meritocracy of Videogames: Why Gaming Culture Is the Worst
https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctt2204rbz
- Pearson, Natalie Obiko. “This Is the Anti-Asian Hate Crime Capital of North America.” Bloomberg, May7, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2021-vancouver-canada-asian-hate-crimes/.
- Penix-Tadsen, Video Games and the Global South
- Phillips, Gamer Trouble: Feminist Confrontations in Digital Culture
https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479870103.001.0001
- Phillips, Shooting to Kill: Headshots, Twitch Reflexes, and the Mechropolitics of Video Games, Games and Culture, № 13, с. 136
https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412015612611
- Picard, Martin. “The Foundation of Geemu: A Brief History of Early Japanese Video Games.” Game Studies13, no. 2 (2013). http://gamestudies.org/1302/articles/picard.
- Picard, Martin, and JérémiePelletier-Gagnon. “Geemu, Media Mix, and the State of Japanese Video Game Studies.” Kinephanos5, no. 1 (2015). http://www.kinephanos.ca/2015/introduction-geemu-media-mix-en/.
- Qiu, Goodbye iSlave: A Manifesto for Digital Abolition
- Quinn, Crash Override: How Gamergate (Nearly) Destroyed My Life, and How We Can Win the Fight against Online Hate
- random_user_1987. “The real world inspirations of the countries in Disco Elysium?” Reddit, January16, 2020. https://www.reddit.com/r/DiscoElysium/comments/eprvi8/the_real_world_inspirations_of_the_countries_in/.
- Reddy, Freedom with Violence
- Reed, Adventure Games: Playing the Outsider
- Reuters. “Timeline: Key Dates for Hong Kong Extradition Bill and Protests.” June30, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition-timeline/timeline-key-dates-for-hong-kong-extradition-bill-and-protests-idUSKCN1TW14D.
- Rich, Makoto. “As Coronavirus Spreads, So Does Anti-Chinese Sentiment.” New York Times, January30, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/world/asia/coronavirus-chinese-racism.html.
- Riot Games. “League of Legends” Championship Series 2015 Season Official Rules. January8, 2015. Accessed through Gamepedia. https://lol.gamepedia.com/File:LCS_2015_Rulebook.pdf.
- Rivera, Model Minority Masochism: Performing the Cultural Politics of Asian American Masculinity
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197557488.001.0001
- Rivera, Ordering a New World Orientalist Biopower in World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria, The Routledge Companion to Asian American Media, с. 195
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315727745-17
- Robertson, Blood Talks: Eugenic Modernity and the Creation of New Japanese, History and Anthropology, № 13, с. 191
https://doi.org/10.1080/0275720022000025547
- Roh, Technologizing Orientalism: An Introduction, Techno-Orientalism: Imagining Asia in Speculative Fiction, History, and Media, с. 1
- Roh, Techno-Orientalism: Imagining Asia in Speculative Fiction, History, and Media
- Roof, Sex and the Single Nerd: The Schizo Saga of Genius, and Finally Getting Some, The Year's Work in Nerds, Wonks, and Neocons, с. 195
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20060h2.12
- Roth, Thought-Provoking Play: Political Philosophies in Science Fictional Videogame Spaces from Japan
- Roy, Samya Brata. Games Studies India Adda Talk #7: Samya Brata Roy. Game Studies India Adda, 2021. Film. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kox_vg3OhrM.
- RShuman. “Disco Elysium: Interview of Jullian Champenois, Kim Katsuragi's Voice Actor.” French Stranding, August12, 2020. https://frenchstranding.fr/disco-elysium-interview-of-jullian-champenois-kim-katsuragis-voice-actor.
- Ruberg, Empathy and Its Alternatives: Deconstructing the Rhetoric of ‘Empathy’ in Video Games, Communication, Culture and Critique, № 13, с. 54
https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcz044
- Ruberg, The Queer Games Avant-Garde
- Ruberg, Video Games Have Always Been Queer
- Russell, Replicating the White Self and Other: Skin Color, Racelessness, Gynoids, and the Construction of Whiteness in Japan, Japanese Studies, № 37, с. 23
https://doi.org/10.1080/10371397.2017.1297183
- Russell, Glitch Feminism: A Manifesto
- Russworm, A Call to Action for Video Game Studies in an Age of Reanimated White Supremacy, Velvet Light Trap, с. 73
- Said, Orientalism: Western Concepts of the Orient
- Said, Representations of the Intellectual: The 1993 Reith Lectures
- Salter, ‘Just Because It's Gay?’: Transgressive Design in Queer Coming of Age Visual Novels, Proceedings of the Foundations of Digital Games (fdg '18), 1–9
https://doi.org/10.1145/3235765.3235778
- Santosx07. “Death Stranding—Prologue All Cutscenes.” YouTube video, 34:49, posted November11, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUGQi6egMHw.
- Saturday Night Live. “E-Sports Reporter—snl.” YouTube video, 5:15, posted October26, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DlnwZzK2Ngo.
- Scheiding, Ryan. “Zombies, Vaults, and Violence: Collective Memory and the Representation of Atomic Fears in Video Games.” PhD diss., Concordia University, 2021.
- Seaton, Japan's Contested War Memories: The “Memory Rifts” in Historical Consciousness of World War II
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203963746
- Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown
- Shapiro, The Political Sublime
- Sharif, Solmaz, and DavidNaimon. “Between the Covers Solmaz Sharif Interview.” Tinhouse, March3, 2022. https://tinhouse.com/transcript/between-the-covers-solmaz-sharif-interview/.
- Shaw, Gaming at the Edge: Sexuality and Gender at the Margins of Gamer Culture
https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816693153.001.0001
- Shaw, Adrienne. “How Do You Say Gamer in Hindi? Exploratory Research on the Indian Digital Game Industry and Culture.” In Gaming Globally, edited by Nina B.Huntemann and BenAslinger, 183–201. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137006332_13.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137006332_13
- Shaw, What Is Video Game Culture? Cultural Studies and Game Studies, Games and Culture, № 5, с. 403
https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412009360414
- Shibusawa, Where Is the Reciprocity? Notes on Solidarity from the Field, Journal of Asian American Studies, № 25, с. 261
https://doi.org/10.1353/jaas.2022.0022
- Shields, Duncan. “Thorin's Thoughts—Koreans Would Dominate any Esports Game.” YouTube video, 24:49, posted January15, 2015. https://youtu.be/00LjRaBtxcs.
- Shields, Duncan. “The Thorin Treatment—Team Houses and Burn Out.” Dot Esports, June15, 2016. https://dotesports.com/league-of-legends/news/the-thorin-treatment-team-houses-and-burn-out-5837.
- Sicart, Against Procedurality, Game Studies, № 11
- Sicart, The Ethics of Computer Games
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012652.001.0001
- Singh, Unthinking Mastery: Dehumanism and Decolonial Entanglements
- Siliconera. “Aksys Roundtable Interview Pt. 1: About 999, Anime Expo, and Choosing Games” and “Aksys Roundtable Interview Pt. 2: BlazBlue Vita, Visual Novels, and E3 Picks.”Siliconera, June21–22, 2011. https://www.siliconera.com/aksys-roundtable-interview-pt-1-the-part-about-999-anime-expo-and-choosing-games/.
- Siliconera. “On Bringing Hakuoki: Demon of the Fleeting Blossom Overseas.” Siliconera, July11, 2011. https://www.siliconera.com/on-bringing-hakuoki-demon-of-the-fleeting-blossom-overseas/.
- Skeggs, Values beyond Value? Is Anything beyond the Logic of Capital?, British Journal of Sociology, № 65, с. 1
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12072
- Skolnik, Tusslers, Beatdowns, and Brothers: A Sociohistorical Overview of Video Game Arcades and the Street Fighter Community, Games and Culture, № 14, с. 742
https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412017727687
- Snoobboons. “Chinese Cheater on Apex Legends omfg Too First!!!!:(:(:(” Reddit, February12, 2019. https://www.reddit.com/r/apexlegends/comments/apr77f/chinese_cheater_on_apex_legends_omfg_too_first/egqu75w/.
- “South Asia's First Triple-A Game.” Prodigi Interactive | Gaming, February28, 2021. http://prodigi.lk/gaming.html.
- Spariosu, Dionysus Reborn: Play and the Aesthetic Dimension in Modern Philosophical and Scientific Discourse
https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501746284
- Spigel, Postfeminist Nostalgia for a Prefeminist Future, Screen, № 54, с. 270
https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/hjt017
- Stang, Big Daddies and Broken Men: Father-Daughter Relationships in Video Games, Loading, № 10, с. 162
- Stanley, Atmospheres of Violence: Structuring Antagonism and the Trans/Queer Ungovernable
- Steinberg, Anime's Media Mix: Franchising Toys and Characters in Japan
https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816675494.001.0001
- Steinkuehler, The Mangle of Play, Games and Culture, № 1, с. 199
https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412006290440
- Steltenpohl, Do Others Understand Us? Fighting Game Community Member Perceptions of Others’ Views of the fgc, Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice, № 9, с. 1
- Studio Incendo (@Studioincendo). “This is how #hongkong ppl spend our time during coronavirus lockdown—villain hitting in #animalcrossing, the villain is #CarrieLam, the worst governor in #hongkong history.” Twitter, April1, 2020. https://twitter.com/i/status/1245414753058426881. Page no longer available.
- Sugawa-Shimada, Rekijo, Pilgrimage and ‘Pop-Spiritualism’: Popculture-Induced Heritage Tourism of/for Young Women, Japan Forum, № 27, с. 37
https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2014.962566
- Suits, The Grasshopper: Games, Life, and Utopia
https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487574338
- Suzuki, “The Possibilities of Research on ‘Fujoshi’ in Japan.” In “Transnational Boys’ Love Fan Studies,”, Transformative Works and Cultures
- Táíwò, Olúfémi. “Being-in-the-Room Privilege: Elite Capture and Epistemic Deference.” The Philosopher108, no. 4 (2020): 61–69. https://www.thephilosopher1923.org/post/being-in-the-room-privilege-elite-capture-and-epistemic-deference.
- Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas
- Taylor, Dating-Simulation Games: Leisure and Gaming of Youth Japanese Culture, Southeast Review of Asian Studies, № 29, с. 192
- Taylor, Nicholas. “Kinaesthetic Masculinity and the Prehistory of Esports.” ROMchip3, no. 1 (2021). https://romchip.org/index.php/romchip-journal/article/view/131.
- Taylor, ‘People Are Robots, Too’: Expert Gaming as Autoplay, Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds, № 10, с. 243
https://doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.10.3.243_1
- Taylor, Gender and the Two-Tiered System of Collegiate Esports, Critical Studies in Media Communication, № 37, с. 451
https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2020.1813901
- Taylor, Raising the Stakes: E-Sports and the Professionalization of Computer Gaming
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8624.001.0001
- Taylor, Watch Me Play: Twitch and the Rise of Game Live Streaming
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77jqw
- Team Coco. “Norman Reedus and Conan on Their Roles in ‘Death Stranding.’” YouTube video, 3:00. Posted March11, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhoTxTtd8jg.
- Teasley, Barack Obama and the Politics of Race: The Myth of Postracism in America, Journal of Black Studies, № 40, с. 411
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934709352991
- Tennyson, They Taught the World to Play, Victorian Studies, № 2, с. 211
- Thapliyal, Adesh. “How ‘Raji: An Ancient Epic’ Falls into the Indian Far-Right's Trap.” Vice, October27, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7ajbv/raji-ancient-indian-epic-far-right-hindu-nationalism.
- TheMainManSWE. “Knee Mauled 6–0 by Pakistani Player.” YouTube video, 11:52, posted October14, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICqK37g0zuM.
- theScore eSports. “The Great Korean Exodus: How Huge Chinese Contracts Gave Us LoL's Craziest Offseason Ever.” YouTube video, 9:37, posted November29, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olpBaV6Eavo.
- theScore eSports. “What Is the fgc? How Hype, Sweat and Tears Saved Gaming's Oldest Scene.” YouTube video, 12:15, posted July28, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY176IOvS_c.
- Tobin, Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon
- Todd, Isaac. “Skullgirls Lead Designer Makes ‘I Can't Breathe’ Joke on Stream to 13 Seconds of Silence.” thegamer.com, June5, 2020. https://www.thegamer.com/skullgirls-lead-designer-i-cant-breathe-joke-twitch-stream/.
- Tolkien, The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
- Tosca, Appropriating the Shinsengumi: Hakuoki Fan Fiction as Transmedial/Transcultural Exploration, Transmedia in the Asia and the Pacific: Industry, Practice and Transcultural Dialogue, с. 157
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7857-1_8
- Minh-ha, The Plural Void: Barthes and Asia.” Translated by Stanley Gray, SubStance, № 11, с. 41
https://doi.org/10.2307/3684313
- Tripathy, Prabhash Ranjan. “Playing Cyborg: A Study of the Gamer in the Video Game Parlours of Delhi and Mussoorie.” MPhil diss., Jawaharlal Nehru University, 2017.
- Tsing, The Mushroom at the End of the World
- Tsuji, What Are Train Otaku? At the Bottom of the Social Ladder of Boys’ School Culture, Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World, с. 3
- Tuan, Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today
- Tufekci, Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest
- Turay, Abdul. “What's Up with the People Who Are in Charge of Immigration?” Estonian World, November19, 2013. https://estonianworld.com/opinion/cut-whats-people-charge-immigration/.
- u/batture. “It would be such a shame if Mei from Overwatch became a pro-democracy symbol and got Blizzard's games banned in China.” Reddit, October8, 2019. https://www.reddit.com/r/HongKong/comments/df2rz7/it_would_be_such_a_shame_if_mei_from_overwatch/.
- u/Emilyx666. “Black Lives Matter!” Reddit, June2, 2020. https://www.reddit.com/r/AnimalCrossing/comments/gvg5t7/black_lives_matter/.
- Ueno, Techno-Orientalism and Media Tribalism: On Japanese Animation and Rave Culture, Third Text, № 47, с. 95
https://doi.org/10.1080/09528829908576801
- Uperesa, Gridiron Capital: How American Football Became a Samoan Game
- US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Documents on Disarmament
- Vanderhoef, John. “Casual Threats: The Feminization of Casual Video Games.” Ada6, no. 2 (2013). https://adanewmedia.org/2013/06/issue2-vanderhoef/.
- “Video Game Industry Statistics, Trends and Data in 2021.” We pc, June12, 2021. https://www.wepc.com/news/video-game-statistics/.
- Voorhees, Neoliberal Masculinity: The Government of Play and Masculinity in eSports, Playing to Win: Sports, Videogames, and the Culture of Play, с. 63
- Voorhees, Neo-liberal Multiculturalism in Mass Effect: The Government of Difference in Digital rpgs, Dungeons, Dragons, and Digital Denizens: The Digital Role-Playing Game, с. 259
- Walker, The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion 1590–1800
- Walker, Ian. “Former Evo Champion Banned from Multiple Fighting Game Events after Racist Tweet.” Kotaku, June6, 2020. https://kotaku.com/former-evo-champion-banned-from-multiple-fighting-game-1844059754.
- Wark, Gamer Theory
https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674044838
- Weisenfeld, Imaging Disaster: Tokyo and the Visual Culture of Japan's Great Earthquake of 1923
- Whaley, Benjamin. “Beyond 8-Bit: Trauma and Social Relevance in Japanese Video Games.” PhD diss., University of British Columbia, 2016.
- Wildt, (Re-)Orienting the Videogame Avatar, Games and Culture, № 15, с. 962
https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412019858890
- Williams, A Brief Social History of Game Play, Playing Computer Games: Motives, Responses, and Consequences, с. 229
- Williams, Techne-Zen and the Spiritual Quality of Global Capitalism, Critical Inquiry, № 38, с. 17
https://doi.org/10.1086/661643
- Wilson, Cameron. “AOC Is Sharing Pears with Randoms on Animal Crossing Because This Is Who We Are Now.” BuzzFeed News, May7, 2020. https://www.buzzfeed.com/cameronwilson/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-animal-crossing.
- Wong, Joshua (@joshuawongcf). “It's essential for HKers to maintain momentum & raise global awareness. Even though Gov has abused the coronavirus measures to suppress any form of protest, we will try every means to call for changes. #AnimalCrossingNewHorizons is one of the means for us.” Twitter, May20, 2020, 12:20 a.m. est. https://twitter.com/joshuawongcf/status/1262961248360161281.
- Wong, Joshua (@joshuawongcf). “This is what we do in #AnimalCrossing … maybe it's why these people are so anxious to go back to the game!!” Twitter, April10, 2020, 2:43 a.m. est. https://twitter.com/joshuawongcf/status/1248501778703761408?s=20.
- Wong, The Garden of Living Paths: Interactive Narratives in Global Geek Culture, Digitalizing the Global Text: Philosophy, Literature, and Culture, с. 103
- Wood, Boys’ Love Anime and Queer Desires in Convergence Culture: Transnational Fandom, Censorship and Resistance, Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, № 4, с. 44
https://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2013.784201
- xzacc91. Comment on Snoobboons, “Chinese Cheater on Apex Legends omfg Too First!!!!:(:(:(” Reddit, February25, 2019. https://www.reddit.com/r/apexlegends/comments/apr77f/chinese_cheater_on_apex_legends_omfg_too_first/egqu75w/.
- Yamamoto, ‘Hāfu’ no shintai hyōshō ni okeru danseisei to jinshuka no porichikusu, Hāfu to wa dare ka: Jinshu konkō, media hyōshō, kōshō jissen, с. 114
- Yamashiro, Racialized National Identity Construction in the Ancestral Homeland: Japanese American Migrants in Japan, Ethnic and Racial Studies, № 34, с. 1502
https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2010.542030
- Yamashiro, The Social Construction of Race and Minorities in Japan, Sociology Compass, № 7, с. 147
https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12013
- Yang, Robert. “‘If You Walk in Someone Else's Shoes, Then You've Taken Their Shoes’: Empathy Machines as Appropriation Machines.” Radiator Design (blog), April5, 2017. https://www.blog.radiator.debacle.us/2017/04/if-you-walk-in-someone-elses-shoes-then.html.
- Yang, Robert. “Liner Notes: Intimate, Infinite (Part 1).” Radiator Design (blog), last updated August26, 2014. https://www.blog.radiator.debacle.us/2014/08/liner-notes-intimate-infinite-part-1.html.
- Yang, Robert. “Liner Notes: Intimate, Infinite (Part 2).” Radiator Design (blog), last updated September12, 2014. https://www.blog.radiator.debacle.us/2014/09/liner-notes-intimate-infinite-part-2-on.html.
- Yano, Pink Globalization: Hello Kitty's Trek across the Pacific
- Ye, Josh. “China Has Its Own Hong Kong Protest Game That Lets You Beat Up Activists.” South China Morning Post, December6, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/abacus/games/article/3040864/china-has-its-own-hong-kong-protest-game-lets-you-beat-activists.
- Ye, Josh. “Hong Kong Protesters and Mainland Gamers Clash in Grand Theft Auto V Online.” South China Morning Post, December23, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/abacus/games/article/3043211/hong-kong-protesters-and-mainland-gamers-clash-grand-theft-auto-v.
- Ye, Joshua. “A New Steam Game Lets You Fight as a Hong Kong Protester.” South China Morning Post, November9, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/abacus/games/article/3037019/new-steam-game-lets-you-fight-hong-kong-protester.
- Yee, The Proteus Paradox: How Online Games and Virtual Worlds Change Us—and How They Don't
- York, Matt. “Just one of the little details I discovered… . He seems like the ultimate sympathetic portrayal of someone who becomes disillusioned with radical politics but decides to try to act as a force for good within the existing system.” Facebook, June3, 2021. https://www.facebook.com/groups/1984944608449267/permalink/3034227380187646.
- Youngblood, ‘I Wouldn't Even Know the Real Me Myself’: Queering Failure in Metal Gear Solid 2, Queer Game Studies, с. 211
- Zhu Lily, Masculinity's New Battle Arena in International eSports: The Games Begin, Masculinities in Play, с. 229
- Aksys Games, Hakuoki: Stories of the Shinsengumi
- Alexander, Mitch. Tusks: The Orc Dating Sim. Itch.io, 2017. pc, Mac.
- Analgesic Productions, Anodyne 2: Return to Dust
- Anino Games, Anito: Defend a Land Enraged
- Anonymous, Fight the Traitor Together
- Arimac, Kanchyudha
- Bandai Namco, Super Smash Bros
- Bandai Namco, Tekken 7
- Bioware, Mass Effect Andromeda
- Blizzard Entertainment, Hearthstone
- Blizzard Entertainment, Overwatch
- Capcom, Final Fight
- Capcom, Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes
- Capcom, Street Fighter II: The World Warrior
- Capcom, Street Fighter III 3rd Strike: Fight for the Future
- Clark, Naomi. Consentacle. Itch.io, 2014. Board game.
- Digital Eclipse, Samurai Shodown NeoGeo Collection
- Đỗ, Toby, EmiSchaufeld, and JuliaWang. Grass Mud Horse. Itch.io, 2019. pc.
- ea Canada and SkyBox Labs Sports, ea Sports ufc
- Electronic Arts, The Sims
- Ensemble Studios, Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties
- Flying Robot Studios, Missing: Game for a Cause
- Fornace, Rivals of Aether
- Gao, Yuxin. Out for Delivery. Itch.io, 2020. pc.
- Hato Moa and Mediatonic, Hatoful Boyfriend
- Hideaki Itsuno, Capcom vs. snk 2: Mark of the Millennium 2001
- Hong Kong Protesters, Liberate Hong Kong
- House House, Untitled Goose Game
- Idea Factory International, Hakuoki: Edo Blossoms
- Idea Factory International, Hakuoki: Kyoto Winds
- Jiang, Sisi. lionkiller. Itch.io, 2020. pc.
- Kaizen Game Works, Paradise Killer
- Karin Entertainment, Eikoku Tantei Misuteria
- Kojima, Death Stranding
- Kojima, Metaru gia soriddo
- Kojima, Metaru gia soriddo 2: Sanzu obu ribati
- Kojima, Metaru gia soriddo 4: Ganzu obu za patoriaotto
- Li, Rachel, and QinYin. Hotpot for One. Itch.io, 2020. pc.
- Liberate Hong Kong Game Team, Liberate Hong Kong
- Linden Lab, Second Life
- miHoYo, Genshin Impact
- Mindfisher Games, Heroes of '71
- Nintendo, Animal Crossing: New Horizons
- Nodding Heads. Raji: An Ancient Epic. Super.com, 2020. pc, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4.
- Noriyoshi Ohba, Streets of Rage
- Prodigi Interactive, Threta
- Ren Yi, Yellow Face
- Rockstar Games, Grand Theft Auto V
- Silver Spook Games, Neofeud
- Squinky. Dominique Pamplemousse in “It's All Over Once the Fat Lady Sings!”Itch.io, 2013. pc.
- Studio Oleomingus, Somewhere
- Sucker Punch Productions, Ghost of Tsushima
- Tran, Toma El Paso / Make a Move
- Trimatrik Inc., Arunadoyer Agnishikha
- Type-Moon and French-Bread, Melty Blood
- Ubisoft, Far Cry 4
- Unknown, Fight the Traitors Together
- Valve, Counter-Strike
- Yang, Robert. Intimate, Infinite. Robert Yang, last updated 2014. https://radiatoryang.itch.io/intimate-infinite.
- Zachtronics, Eliza
- za/um, Disco Elysium
About this publication
Number of citations | 0 |
Number of works in the list of references | 461 |
Journal indexed in Scopus | No |
Journal indexed in Web of Science | No |